Renewable Energy Needs To Be Implemented Environmental Sciences Essay

The emerging scientific consensus is that we have little more than a decennary to brace planetary temperatures and forestall a rise of more thanA 2 °C ( compared to pre-industrial degrees ) in order to avoid ruinous and irreversible clime alteration ( UNFCCC 2009 ) . Fossil fuel-based energy – such as coal, crude oil and natural gas – is known to be the biggest cause of the clime alteration as it produces nursery gas emanations in the ambiance ( IPCC 2007 ) . Consequently, alternate beginnings of energy power with low C emanations are important to forestall worse effects of clime alteration. Several deductions are frequently attributed to fossil-fuel energy: environment debasement, wellness impacts, political struggles related to energy security, economic dependence for those states whose chief fiscal activity derives from the commercialization of oil or gas and mutuality on foreign energy, supply dazes. All these factors have made policy shapers, in developed and developing states, aware of the demand for a more diversified energy mix ( UNCTAD 2010, p.1 ) . However ; any option will non be free of deductions. All engineerings have impacts. In general, nevertheless, the deductions of the renewable engineerings are much smaller and more local than the normally big and planetary impacts of conventional energy engineerings. Alternative energy engineering refers to any beginning of energy intended to restrict or replace an environmentally harmful signifier of energy ( UNCTAD 2010 ) . These include renewables, such as air current, geothermic, solar, H2O, and biomass. Harmonizing to theA United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) ( 2010, p.5 ) some of these are quickly going conventional beginnings of energy. At present, the low degree of technological development and high costs associated with most of them limit the extent to which they can be integrated into the planetary energy matrix on a important graduated table. However, states such as the United Kingdom and Brazil have proved leaders in the development of of import energy engineerings, accordingly heightening chances by diversifying the state ‘s energy mix with a low C option. This essay will discourse critically the societal, economic and political deductions of a social response to climate alteration based around non-fossil fuel energy engineering utilizing two different instances as illustrations: the air current energy used in the UnitedA Kingdom and sugar cane used in ethyl alcohol and cogeneration production in Brazil. Although the two states have air current and biomass as portion of their energy mix, this essay does non mean to compare both energy engineerings. Alternatively, it will foreground the strengths and failings of each alternate energy. Since the UK must cut down 34 % of its nursery gas emanations by 2020, harmonizing to 1990 degrees ( HM Treasury 2010 ) , the authorities has decided to increase the entire sum of renewable energy used in the UK, lifting from a low base of 2 % today to 15 % by 2020 ( RenewableUK 2010, p.9 ) . To accomplish this, weave energy will play a important function in the energy mix, lending approximatelyA 30GW by 2020 ( Ibid p. 9 ) . The UK is good placed, holding amongst the universe ‘s largest resources of air current, moving ridge and tidal energy. Harmonizing to theA RenewableUK ( 2010 ) there are more than 240 air current farms in the UK, with a sum of over 2,500A turbines, responsible for cut downing the state ‘s C emanations by about 4.5A million metric tons per twelvemonth. Since catching Denmark in 2008 as the universe leader, the UK has more seaward air current energy capacity than any other state ( Ibid, p.19 ) . Although air current power has been seen as an of import non-fossil fuel energy engineering, holding blessing from scientists andA well-known NGOs, there are writers, such as DrA Etherington ( 2009 ) , who argue that â€Å" the drawbacks of air current power far outweigh the advantages. Wind turbines can non bring forth adequate energy to cut down planetary CO2 degrees to a meaningful grade ; what ‘s more, wind power can non bring forth a steady end product, asking back-up coal and gas power workss that significantly negate the economy of nursery gas emanations † He besides mentions that it is being overly financed by consumers who have non been informed that their measures are lessening an industry that can non be cost-effective or, finally, favour the cause it purports to back up. However, similar critics could besides be perceived within general society – and this tendency will be further discussed subsequently. As Cottrell reminds us ( 1955, cited by Humphrey andA Buttel in 1982, p.148 ) , wind power was foremost harnessed with the canvas and was a significant power beginning for many societies. Yet, harmonizing toA Cowie ( 1998 ) , its usage, in theory, is rather simple. The air current turns a turbine that generates electricity ( Ibid p.152 ) without any toxic residue or radioactive waste. However, although the energy is merely generated when the air current blows, in the UK, where it is a countrywide engineering, while air current may drop at some sites, it really seldom stops blowing everyplace at one time, so it does non necessitate to be backed up, megawatt for megawatt. Harmonizing toA Milborrow ( cited by Friends of the Earth et al. , p.2 ) among the other energy options, air current power is the energy engineering with fewer leanings to sudden failure. Another of import point to be considered is that air current power besides generates proportionately more high quality skilled occupations than any other energy sectors. A study produced by Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, WWF andA RSPB ( 2009, p.3 ) says that there are already 400,000 people working in the wind-energy sector worldwide and this could make one million by the terminal of 2010. The Department of Trade and Industry has estimated that Round Two of offshore air current developments entirely could convey a farther 20,000 occupations for Britain ( cited byA BWEA 2006, p.4 ) . Furthermore, through embedded coevals ( BWEA 2006, p.4 ) , wind energy can cut down the distance over which electricity has to go, intending less electrical losingss in transmittal and distribution, hence ensuing in energy nest eggs. The environing land can besides be used for conventional agribusiness, which is another benefit for the local community. Environmental deductions related to bird migration, air force per unit area on chiropterans or harm to home grounds and wildlife in the country where windmills are built, have frequently been discussed on web logs and cyberspace web sites ( BBC News 2008, SBWT, Country Guardian ) as a concern of the local community. Similarly, noise, landscape pollution, telecasting response intervention and jobs with radio detection and rangings are repeatedly identified ( BWEA 2006, Jones and Eiser 2010 ) by local populations ‘ society as caused by air current farms. Overall, surveies ( Blanco and Rodrigues 2005 ; Friends of the Earth et Al. 2009 ; A UNCTAD 2010 ) have shown that the impacts of air current energy on local communities is positive. This is particularly true in footings of diversifying the economic base, offering higher income to the local population through the rent received by the proprietors of the land where the turbines are located – frequently public land – and a general encouragement to the economic system through the multiplier consequence ( DTI 2005, p.5 ) . As Devine-Wright ( 2007 ) has claimed, air current power has been by far the most socially combative renewable energy engineering to day of the month. The DTI ( 2005, p.30 ) has besides acknowledged that since the early yearss of air current power in the UK, be aftering permission has been cited as a barrier to development. In fact, several research undertakings ( Walsink 2005 ; Devine-Wright 2007 and 2009 ; Jones and Eiser 2010 ) into public perceptual experiences have been taken as a consequence of society ‘s opposition to weave engineerings – and all of them seem to hold similar findings. In drumhead, public attitudes converge between a ‘not in my back yard experiencing ‘ ( NIMBY ) to concern about noise and ocular impact in the landscape ( Ibid ) . Furthermore, A Kolonas ( 2007 ) analysed 35 surveies on public perceptual experiences of air current power in the EU and, harmonizing to his findings, â€Å" there is the deficiency of a holistic and thorough attack, based on a common theoretical model † . He argues that such public attitudes are a consequence of ‘already decided ‘ undertakings being presented to the host community without deliberative planning schemes, which, in his sentiment, opens the door to resistance. Yet, inA Wolsink ‘s ( 2007, p.1192 ) words: â€Å" the fact that a minority does non back up air current power is non surprising because there is barely anything in life that is universally supported. † The 2nd illustration, Brazil, was identified by Cowie ( 1998, p.156 ) , as the state that has benefitted most from biomass transition since its authorities launched the National Alcohol Programme ( ProAlcohol ) in 1975. TheA ProAlcool was created to promote ethanol production from the agitation of sugar cane as a response to surging oil monetary values and a crisis in the international sugar market ( Rothkopf, 2007 ) . During the first twelvemonth of the programme, Brazil produced 600,000A M3 of ethyl alcohol, of which a tierce was dehydrated for gasolene blending, and the balance used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries ( Cowie, 1998, p.156 ) . The 20 % petrol blend known as gasohol shortly played an of import portion in the Brazilian economic system, so that by 1985 10.5 billion liters were being produced for motor fuel with a farther 2 billion liters for other intents. All together this created 500,000 new occupations in agribusiness every bit good as industry ( Ibid ) . While Brazilian ethyl alcohol produced from sugar cane provides energy that is renewable and less carbon-intensive than oil, American ethyl alcohol is chiefly produced from maize and its production relies on fossil energy. In add-on, the production of ethyl alcohol from maize has far-reaching effects on nutrient security. Harmonizing to theA UNCTAD ( 2010, p.10 ) , it is estimated that a particular public-service corporation vehicle requires 660 lbs of maize or nutrient to make full is its armored combat vehicle, plenty to feed two people in a underdeveloped state for the whole twelvemonth. Thus, subsidies forA biofuel production in developed states have encouraged husbandmans to switch from turning wheat and other grains to bring forth maize, lending to a deficit of nutrient and monetary value deformations on universe nutrient markets ( Pimentel 2009 cited by UNCTAD 2010, p.10 ) . The cardinal point to observe is that despite the sugar and ethyl alcohol produced from the sugar cane, theA bagasse ( byproduct of sugar cane oppressing ) can besides be used as a fuel for cogeneration systems. Harmonizing to the IAEA ( 2006, p.70 ) about all bing sugar cane Millss in Brazil are energy-self-sufficient ( thermic, mechanical and electric ) ; what makes BrazilianA biofuel an of import engineering is the fact that it mitigates climate alteration by cut downing nursery gas emanations non merely from the ethyl alcohol and gasohol use, but besides as an illustration of sustainable production. As Cowie ( 1998, p.156 ) highlighted, the Brazilian experience revealed that the benefits of national or regional biomass transition programmes could include: the aforementioned nursery benefits ; foreign exchange nest eggs on oil imports ; security of energy supply ; increased demand and variegation of agricultural merchandises ; environmental and wellness benefits as ethanol production reduces the CO2 emanations on conveyance sector ; spin-off benefits to equipment makers and providers in forestry, agribusiness and chemical industries ; increased research in biotechnology, microbiology, scientific agriculture, forestry, genetic sciences, technology, metallurgy and chemical science. Conversely, even though the debut of sugar cane into Brazil by the Portuguese was an early deforestation factor, this is no longer the instance. Although outputs have increased over clip, making 70 t/ha by 2001, sugar cane plantations still represent less than 2 % of the agricultural country in the state ( IAEA 2006, p. 114 ) , which besides has a big extension of land available for enlargement of deep-rooted woods and cultivation of energy harvests, with a limited impact on nutrient production ( Ibid, p.5 ) . However, there are several deductions of sugar cane and ethyl alcohol production.A Guarnieri andA Jannuzzi ( 1992 ) identified the followers: a ) increased eroding during and after the crop season ; B ) reduced H2O quality and handiness due to increased overflow ; c ) increased chemical pollution due to fertiliser and pesticide usage ; vitamin D ) debasement of dirt quality/productivity ; e ) reduced biodiversity ; degree Fahrenheit ) air emanations, A stillage and wash-up Waterss ensuing from industrialised intoxicant production ; g ) usage of land for big scale monocultures ; and H ) menaces of blackouts due to plantation-burning patterns impacting electricity transmittal lines. However, emanations straight related to sugarcane production have fallen drastically with the usage of itsA bagasse as a fuel and the research and development on efficient engineerings and pesticides ( IAEA 2006, p.115 ) . Finally, from the societal position, the sugar cane sector is the beginning ofA support for over 45 million husbandmans and their dependants, consisting 7.5 % of the rural population ( IEA 2010, p.143 ) . Compared to oil production, the job-creation per unit of energy is three times higher for hydropower and 150 times higher for ethanol production ( IAEA 2010, p.145 ) . However, the figure of harvest workers was reduced in the past decennary and is likely to cut down even further due to the addition in mechanization[ 1 ]. As a effect, contract workers who used to cut cane manually in the Fieldss have now received preparation and some of them are runing reaping machines. Although this may non be plenty to absorb all old workers, it is expected that over the long term this alteration will convey better working conditions and higher wage ( IEA 2010, p.107 ) . This essay has attempted to discourse the societal, economic and political deductions of a social response to climate alteration based around alternate energy engineerings, utilizing two different instances as illustrations: the air current energy used in the UnitedA Kingdom and sugar cane used in ethyl alcohol and cogeneration production in Brazil. From the first illustration, it emerged that although the air current energy has an of import function to play on the energy mix in the UK, there is still important opposition in society to windmill building across the state. Furthermore, harmonizing to the literature reappraisal, it seems that this place is related to the absence of a planning policy where the populace could hold a more participatory function in taking the sites where air current turbines should be built. With respect to the economic and societal deductions, wind energy represents a valuable engineering for the UK, once it is able to supply fiscal benefits either on the figure of occupations created, or other environing economic activity that may besides be developed. Looking to the Brazilian scenario, on the other manus, it was observed that despite of environmental and societal impacts from the beginning of theA sugar cane factory activities, the state has successfully improvedA substantialA ordinance and engineerings for both ethyl alcohol and sugar production, ensuing in the cogeneration of energy from sugarcaneA bagasse and the recent success of flex-fuel vehicles. Sustainable energy has besides proved an chance for occupation creative activity in the energy sector, and the betterment inA efficiency has meant an addition in productiveness while cut downing energy usage and nursery gas emanations. Surely, both alternate energy engineerings developed in these two states still have several impacts which still have to be managed, such as market stableness, grid entree, accomplishments deficits and authorities policies. However, from parametric quantities of what could be studied in this essay, the advantages of alternate energy engineering far outweigh the disadvantages of the fossil-fuel energy response. As this essay concentrated merely on air current and sugar cane biomass, it would be interesting to set about farther research into the societal, economic and political deductions of other alternate energies or possibly even the deductions of air current and biomass in other states. Wordcount: 2.479

Domino’s Pizza, Inc

Domino's Pizza, Inc. is an international pizza delivery corporation headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1960, Domino’s Pizza is the second-largest pizza chain in the United States. In 1960, Tom Monaghan and his brother, James, purchased DomiNick's, a small pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The deal was secured by a $75 down payment and the brothers borrowed $500 to pay for the store. Eight months later, James traded his half of the business to Tom for a used Volkswagen Beetle. As sole owner of the company, Tom Monaghan renamed the business Domino's Pizza, Inc. in 1965. In 1967, the first Domino's Pizza franchise store opened in Ypsilanti. Tom Monaghan original goal was to open three pizza delivery stores. That’s why there are three dots on Domino’s logo. Domino’s Pizza continued to grow and in 1978 opened its 200th store. Tom Monaghan launched Domino's Pizza Malaysia in September 1997. Franchising in Malaysia is still in the early stages while fast foods dominate the franchising sector with an estimated annual sales exceeding RM1. 3 billion. With the people’s growing appetite for fast food, the market outlook is good. The rapid growth of the fast-food industry brings both benefits and threats to our society. Normally, fast food restaurant is offering fried chickens, burgers, sandwiches or pizzas. Further more, there are only a few pizza chains in Malaysia like Domino’s Pizza, Pizza Hut and Shakey’s Pizza. Today, Domino’s Pizza is having more than 8,500 stores at all around the world and making a profit of USD35 billion per year. Domino's Pizza is the recognized world leader in pizza delivery operating a network of company-owned and franchise-owned stores in the United States and international markets. Domino's Pizza's vision illustrates a company of exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world.

Culture Of China Regarding Religion, Food, Communication, Time, And Term Paper

Culture Of China Regarding Religion, Food, Communication, Time, And Space - Term Paper Example The following discussion is an effort to highlight the exceptional and distinguished aspects of Chinese culture regarding religion, cuisine, communication, time, and space. The Chinese culture is largely influenced by ancient Chinese philosophies that have been practiced in China for thousands of years. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism are the three major religions that are practiced in China by a majority of people. Myriad differences that appear too subtle to the common public exist between these three major religions. The general public is way much oblivious to these distinctions and thinks that the religious teachings and moral values originating from these different religions is more or less the same. Intricate differences between these religions are obvious to a minimal percentage of Chinese public. Still, religious practice is still fervently adopted by many people in China, which is a heavily optimistic sign in today’s much industrialized and modernized world that is too materialistic and ignorant of religious restrictions. Actually, it is those distinctions existing between the three major Chinese religions that have evolved the Chinese culture which is so dynamic and vibrant. One common and enthralling aspect of the Chinese culture that is acquired from the fusion of ancient religions is that it is required of every person to live in harmony with all the other people, no matter if that other person is a friend or a foe. This is one profoundly appreciable aspect of the Chinese culture, which demands every person to seek and spread love regardless of societal, ethnic, or racial pressures. The Chinese cuisine is overwhelmingly popular around the globe among all age groups and bags huge appreciation almost every year in myriad prestigious annual global food contests. Much of the Chinese cuisine is derived from the cooking practices that were significantly vibrant in the Dynastic ruling period. It is worth mentioning here that ancient Chinese rule rs used to host large meals consisting of hundred of traditional dishes at one time. (Ling, 2002, p. 34). It is from this traditional hospitality of hosting large banquets that a whole wide array of variations exist in Chinese cuisine that appeal hugely not only to the Chinese people but by almost everyone around the world. These variations in cuisine also originated and prevailed in the Chinese culture because the Dynastic period was open to many enriched influences from the surrounding countries. China’s gourmet culture and true connoisseur experience has been creating waves of innovation and taste around the world for many past years. The up side about the Chinese cuisine is that it offers extremely stomach friendly food and this fact is acclaimed by all the nutritional specialists around the world. This is because with the cooking oil that is pretty scarce in the country and expensive meat, Chinese food experts have diverted the taste of the Chinese public towards inexpen sive but nutritious and heavenly tasty foods. An important and interesting fact regarding the Chinese communication is that it can be both verbal and non-verbal, and both modes of communication are very important when

American Revolution in 1770's period Research Paper

American Revolution in 1770's period - Research Paper Example This essay outlines the causes of the war and the chronology of event that resulted to the declaration of independence. In the period between1754 and 1763, the British engaged the Indian and the French in a war that started as early as 1600s. During the 1750s, the French and the British were in the war with each other in Europe, but the war even spread to North America. The British colony wanted to take over the territories and fur trade that French had in North America. The American Native joined the French to fight against the occupation of British in the French land. The Native feared that the British would to take their land and for them to protect themselves, they had to join the French in battling the British soldiers. In 1779, the British General Wolfe captured Quebec and brought the war to an end. In 1763, a peace treaty was signed, and British got almost all of the French land. Moreover, the British introduced taxation to cover the cost of the war (Colin, 1991). The American native began their quest for independence long before the revolution, but before the start of the revolution, the American population has increased to about two million. In the time before the war, the colonies have urbanized, and road were now connecting the diverse colonies. In addition, the media has grown, and newspapers kept all the colonies informed. At this time, the colonies were enlightened and were thinking of themselves as Americans. The colonists, both the rich and poor differed on the issue of independence. George Washington who owned huge chunk of land and other businessmen like John Hancock agitated for independence. They did not want the British to control over their businesses and their lives. However, some other wealthy colonists feared the agitation of independence would affect their wealth if the revolution began. The wealth of these colonists was connected to the British government and its trade. The poor colonists could not relent from

Pranent-Community Involvement Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pranent-Community Involvement Program - Essay Example California department of education is an organization that supervises public education. This organization aims to provide guidance, support, supervision and teaching sources with material; so that every student can get good education. Various researches have been conducted in order to study educational programs ranging from teachers` training strategies to parents awareness programs. By studying such education related programs it has been observed that all those programs which includes parents involvement in their kids` studies has been proven the most influential ones for the prosperity of children as well as for the success of educational system (Rutherford & Billig, 2010). Researches have shown that education standard has been improved because of the involvement of parents and family in school programs. There are five booming plans that have brought changes at National level in United States specifically in New York and California. Various benefits have been observed because of th is program and individuals belonging to education world appreciated parents for their interest in children studies and other activities that can help their kids to learn something innovative. It is considered very important that parents should try to understand the importance of their role in their child`s career and education because they are the only ones whose active participation can bring an incredible change in their children`s life (Rutherford & Billig, 2010). There are certain National Standards for parent community involvement programs which are based on qualitative research and are important for children`s career, parents satisfaction and for the success of educational institution. There are three motives of this standard that includes encouragement of parents and families for their active contribution. Secondly, to provide knowledge about all those influential elements, that can play vital part in such programs and also to give moral and material support to those institut ions that aim to raise their standard of education through various strategies and programs (Hurley & Tinajero, 2001). These are some important guidelines for principals and owners of the schools who wish to divert parents` attention towards child`s education through strategic programs. National standard intended to guide those people in very sophisticated manner who administer educational institutes because they have authority to deal with staff members and also they can apply such strategies within district level for parents to grab their attention as much as possible (Riley, Douglas, & Koop, 2004). According to amendments to community-based English tutoring program of California, when everyone plays its part to support learning system with full dedication, then children show positive response towards their studies and they show more interest in every school related activity. Many schools have adopted the program designed by California department of education which includes few bas ic goals. Their first goal is that they want to break all blocks that restrict parents` involvement. It is emphasized that parents should be made comfortable when they entered in school in order to encourage their spirit. All parents should be kept updated with their child`s academic progress (Hurley & Tinajero, 2001). To make it easier for parents to get information about institute and their kid keep updating websites or practice any other volunteer process that could

Controversial Images in Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controversial Images in Art - Assignment Example Something about the crucifix itself is that Christians treat it like a fashion accessory. When somebody sees it, he or she is horrified by it. However, in the real sense, it represents the crucifixion of a man. This controversial photo is not recommended for public displays. Being a photo that displays genitals, in can be viewed by children when displayed in public. Therefore, its display in public places would corrupt children’s minds. In addition, they can grow up having a poor spiritual mentality since they have seen a photographic display of Christ’s genitals. With many attacks made on the photo in public places, this photo is not good for public displays. Many Christians find the photo deeply offensive. For instance, Serrano’s work led to a congressional debate on United States’ public arts funding, which was held in France. During the debate, the photo was physically attacked. Also, a group of Catholics who gathered outside Edward Tyler Nahem gallery in midtown Manhattan opposed this work when the exhibition was opened (Chapman). According to Chapman, artists communicate identity through abstract or conceptual means. It therefore means that it is the responsibility of the artist to communicate through conceptual means such as photographs. Despite, using this means of communication, it should not trigger controversy among the intended audience. The artist needs to avoid using a photo that exposes nudity since the photo may lead moral decay among children who get to it. In addition, ethics should dictate what the artist does. He should be obliged not to knowing or unknowingly insult Christianity as a religion. It is also his utter responsibility not to create irrational beliefs in other religions. Making people believe in other things about their religion is a big danger to the religion they believe in (Chapman). The photo is

Private Equity and Venture Capital Journal Review Essay

Private Equity and Venture Capital Journal Review - Essay Example cal analysis of the study of Brav and Gompers (1997) who tried to identify the underperformance of Initial Public Offerings using financial data from venture and non-venture firms. In fact approximately 934 venture-backed IPOs and 3,407 non – venture backed IPOs were used for the completion of the relevant study. The period to which these data refer should be characterized as sufficient – if taking into consideration the fact that data for the years 1972-1992 have been used in the relevant research. Through this research Brav et al. (1997) came to the following conclusions: ‘venture-backed IPOs outperform non-venture - backed IPOs using equal weighted returns; value weighting significantly reduces performance differences and substantially reduces underperformance for non-venture-backed IPO’ (Brav et al., 1997, 1791). In other words, the underperformance of IPOs is depended primarily on the form/ type of IPOs; venture backed IPOs are less like to underperfor m if compared with the non-venture – backed IPOs. The specific issue has been analyzed by Brav et al. (1997) using a wide range of views from existed literature. At a first level the above researchers refer to the study of Ritter (1991) and Loughran et al. (1995) highlighting ‘the severe underperformance of initial public offerings (IPOs) during the past twenty years; investors may systematically be too optimistic about the prospects of firms that are issuing equity for the first time’ (Brav et al., 1997, 1791). The studies of Ritter and Loughran et al. can be used in order to present the possible prospects for IPOs in modern market. Other studies used by Brav et al. (1997, 1791) can be used in order to identify the key concepts related with the behaviour of IPOs (referring to their financial performance within a specific period of time). The views of other researchers like Lee et al. (1991), Gompers (1995), Hoshi et al. (1991) and Fazzari et al. (1988) have been used in order to support the

How globalisation can have different impacts on various groups within Essay

How globalisation can have different impacts on various groups within the same country - Essay Example How globalisation can have different impacts on various groups within the same country? Improved transport and communication has facilitated trade between countries turning the world into a global village prompting a lot of debate with proponents arguing that globalization is essential for economic growth and elimination of poverty while opponents argue that globalization is undermining the role of the state hence eliminating sovereignty of nations. He argues that the advancement in technology enables suppliers in one part of the globe to satisfy the demands of consumers in other parts of the globe thus increasing the magnitude of globalization. Boyes & Melvin view globalization as increase in cross-border flow of goods and services, and increased mobility of technology, information and individuals. According to Lerman & Schmidt, globalization is not a new phenomenon but has been in existence since the First World War but has increased in speed and intensity in recent past. It leads to convergence of nations politically, economically, socially and culturally. It is char acterized by increased international trade, foreign direct investments, capital flows, migration of population, and flow of knowledge. It has led to overdependence among nations especially poor countries dependence on rich nations. Globalization has opened doors to trade by removing barriers resulting in a lot of competition in domestic markets and providing opportunities for firms to expand into the global arena. There are also increased mergers and acquisitions as competition increases as well as establishment of multinational companies. Globalization has also been in the lime light as the cause of the recent financial crisis due to integration of financial markets and increasing ineffectiveness of the monetary and fiscal policy. Many anti-globalization campaigns have been on the rise as it is argued that it enhances income inequalities and unemployment (Ehrenberg, 1994). The paper discusses the effects of globalization on various groups in USA. Globalization in USA USA is conside red as the most globalized nation. It is a capitalistic state or free market economy and hence governed by the forces of demand and supply and open to competition from all quarters nationally and internationally. The value of foreign trade in USA continues to rise as the effects are felt everywhere especially the less developed countries. For example, the value of merchandise exports 1950 was 4% of gross domestic product (GDP) same as that of merchandise imports. Recently the value of merchandise exports is 8% of GDP while that of imports is 11% of GDP. The exchange of services which was not common in 1950s is now in existence enhanced by improvement in information technology. Outsourcing in 1960 accounted for only 1.7% of the value of services produced in USA and sold to foreigners but by 1997 it had risen to 5.1% showing how globalization is extending at fast pace (Boudreaux, 2008: 8). Deregulation of the financial sector is another phenomenon in USA. The financial sector has thus increased in fragility leading to financial instability and vulnerability to external shocks. The deregulation of banking industry has partly been blamed for the current global financial crisis. The banks engaged in sub prime mortgages and securitization of the mortgages without a limit leading to collapse of the institutions as a result of bursting of the housing bubble. This effect was transmitted to other parts of the economy and the world as a whole through integration of world financial markets (Brewer & Boyd, 2000). According to Pryor (2000), there is a change in the location of trade transactions in the USA from business people to multinational companies. He alleges that

Girl by Jamacia Kincaid Essay Example for Free

Girl by Jamacia Kincaid Essay I read Girl first and I felt that the mother as a nagging soul who was hard on her daughter. I thought that the advice that she gave her was useful in her culture, yet she just gave her so much information at once. I believed that the mother was pushing her daughter toward becoming a bad person because she kept repeating that she knew her daughter would become a slut. People will live up to the standards that are expected of them, and I worried that the character would finally become a slut since her mother felt she would become one. However, when I listened to the monologue, I was shocked. I realized that it was humorous and tongue in cheek. It was a much better piece when I heard it read aloud. B. The mother is wanting to make sure that her daughter is well prepared for life, and she is convinced that the daughter will not figure out what to do in life if she does not tell her time and time again. This allows the mother the sense of being important to her daughter. The daughter is typical of young people in that she is only half listening. She is thinking â€Å"Here we go again. † I feel that she sees her mother as a nagging person even though she loves her. References Kincaid, J. Girl. Turkshead Review. Retrieved October 2, 2008 from http://wwwlturksheadreview. com/library/texts/kincaid-girl. html.

Function Argument Essay Example for Free

Function Argument Essay Aristotle first asserts that happiness is an ultimate good that is both complete and self-sufficient. 2) The ultimate good for a thing is its ability to complete its function. (3) Human being’s must have a function beyond an occupation in society such as a potter or painter because the ultimate human good must be all encompassing. So the function of a human being cannot specifically be being good at any one position or task. The human function cannot involve just growth because that is essentially the function of plants, and a humans function must be unique in itself. 5) Aristotle claims that because animals and plants cannot reason, a human being’s function must have something to do with rationality, the part that involves our soul. (6) Lesser goods like wealth all are meant to lead to happiness, this rises from the first premise that the ultimate good must be self-sufficient. (C) Therefore he concluded that the human function is the completion of a task (the activity) that involves the soul (not the body), and leads to doing what is ultimately the most virtuous or excellent thing to do. The human function is the activity of the soul in accordance with excellence or virtue. I disagree with Aristotle’s conclusion because I believe premise 4 and 5 are false. He asserts that a human being and a plant cannot have the same functions. Here I think there is a flaw in his logic, Aristotle makes an unreasonable jump in what a person should do and what a person has to do. Humans may have simply evolved from a cell like any other animal, which would suggest that completing our base physical goals, surviving and reproducing, is the human function. Yes because we have evolved further and our capacity for reason is greater then say chimps or dogs, we have a deeper understanding of morality and virtues. Yet there is still a distinct difference between what we should do and what we have to do. I also disagree with the 5th premise because I do not believe reason is a virtue only found in human beings. Animals like gorilla’s and elephants have all been shown to show compassion towards other beings, even those not within its species. Aristotle’s conclusion suffers from these false premises. He makes the assumption that doing something good is the same as being good and this is not true. What something has to do, its function, does not necessarily equate to what something should do. Aristotle draws on the premise that animals cannot reason. While I believe there is a valid argument in terms of the distinction on a human’s depth of reason and an animal’s understanding of it. I believe the distinction lies in a more complex understanding rather then a complete lack of reason. I disagree with these two premises.

Theme In The Gift Of The Magi English Literature Essay

Theme In The Gift Of The Magi English Literature Essay The story The Gift of the Magi which is written by O. Henry follows a young married couple who sacrifice their most prized possessions to buy a Christmas gift for one another. Though the story tells the tale of two people, a large portion of the story involves following Della on her quest to find a gift for Jim. The worry and unease that Della shows toward buying a gift is not caused by wanting to show love to her husband but fear of rejection. Della fears that by breaking tradition she will also break Jims heart, severing his love for her. Jim and Dellas main conflict is money. While Jim is introduced to the story early on and does not make an appearance until later it can be implied that his external conflict is money. Jim now faces the internal conflict of thinking of how he can support his family on his reduced income. As a man who has the task of supporting his family he experiences a guilt for not being able to provide his loving wife with the luxuries she so deserves. Della must face the fact that even though she has saved, her penny pinching was simply not enough for the amount she needed. Della then faces internal conflict as she tries to come up with ways to get more money. The money that presents an external conflict has Della retreat inside of her mind to face her internal conflict. Her first thought to get money by cutting her hair was a reference to not only tradition but of feminine roles. Della rapidly pulls down her hair(160) so when she visits Madame Sofronie to have it cut it is not questioned, becaus e women made sacrifices for their husbands and it was accepted. Della offering her most precious possession sees it as the only way she can say to her husband that she is truly grateful. Della runs and ransacks stores looking for the gift that she wanted for her husband. Her ransacking of the stores symbolizes and can be compared to Jim who, can be safely said, ransacked his brain on what the next option he was to take after the pay cut. She eventually is able to find a gift and hurries home. The next scene when Della arrives home and takes the moment to fix her hair up before her husband arrives home symbolizes her ability to imitate her husband and turn a bad situation into a good situation. This is most relevant to say that Della and her husband are equally matched in how they make decisions and in explaining in how both could give up their most precious possessions in thought of one another. Thinking of the other person is what causes the story to reveal situational irony in its ending. Della and Jim Dillingham have met the result of the actions and that is Della has cut and sold her hair to receive a gift of hair clips and Jim has sold his watch to receive a watch chain. The fact that Jim has sold the watch which has been in his family for years and chose to sacrifice the tradition of passing along the watch is ironic. Jim has broken one tradition to enter into another one, the tradition of making hard sacrifices for those you love. Della who is unaware of the sacrifice that was made on her behalf is also unaware that the tradition that she wanted to avoid breaking was broken by her husband. Della confirms that the tradition of exchanging gifts is broken when her husband says lets put our Christmas presents away and keep them awhile (162), but is reassured that tradition is still present when they spend Christmas enjoying each others company. O. Henrys Gift of the Magi was a story not only about the sacrifices made in love but the fear of breaking tradition. Della Dillingham sacrificed her hair to buy a gift of appreciation for the loving husband who provided for her. James Dillingham sacrificed tradition when he sold his watch to buy a present for his beloved wife only to return to tradition by making such a sacrifice fueled by the love he had for her. The story of the Dillinghams ended ironically when their gifts canceled each others out but the gift of love that was shown by embracing the tradition that comes with true Christmas spirit will last a lifetime.

The Story of Poseidon Essay -- History Greek Gods Mythology Essays

The Story of Poseidon (Roman - Neptune) Poseidon was the ruler of the sea, and a powerful god in Greek mythology who was often called the "Earth-shaker." His father was the Titan Cronus, who at the time was ruler of the Universe, and his mother was Rhea. Cronus was a paranoid ruler, because it had been prophesized that one of his own sons would dethrone him, just as Cronus had done to his father, Uranus. Thus, Cronus would swallow the children whom Rhea bore him. He figured that it was the safest way to ensure that none of his offspring overthrew him. One by one, the children were swallowed by Cronus: first Hestia, then Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon. (Some mythographers claim that Rhea tricked Cronus by presenting a foal instead of the baby Poseidon for consumption, but most agree that Poseidon had been swallowed like the rest of his siblings.) Needless to say, this constant swallowing of her children enraged Rhea. She bore her third son, Zeus, in the middle of the night and gave him for safekeeping to Gaea (Mother Earth). She fooled Cronus into believing he had swallowed his new son by substituting a rock wrapped in baby blankets. When Zeus grew up, and with the help of Gaea and his mother Rhea, he slipped Cronus a potion that made the Titan disgorge the swallowed children. Being gods, they were unharmed, albeit a tad dazed and confused. With Zeus serving as their leader, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter and Hera waged war against the Titans for supremacy of the Universe. Assisted by the Cyclops (they gave Zeus his thunderbolts, Poseidon his trident and Hades his helmet of invisibility) and the Hecatoncheires (the Hundred-handed-ones), the siblings fought a terrible war that lasted ten years. In the end they were victorious, banishing their vanquished foes to the deepest depths of the Underworld, called Tartarus. This dark and woeful place is as far beneath the earth as heaven is above the earth. Around Tartarus runs a fence of bronze with gates of bronze, which Poseidon fixed in such as way as to offer no escape, and there the Titans were forever confined. After Zeus, with his brothers and sisters, defeated the Titans and dethroned Cronus, the three brothers drew lots out of a helmet to determine which one of the three realms each would rule. Zeus won the heavens and thus became the supreme ruler, Hades got the Underworld and Poseid... ...rms began, but when he drove in his golden chariot over the water, the storms subsided and tranquil peace followed his wheels. Neptune and his Horses By E. K. Birce, 1880 Ancient sailors and warriors would pray and offer tributes to the great Poseidon prior to undertaking a sea journey. In turn, Poseidon could be cruel and hostile to those who displeased him, such as the hero of the Trojan War, Odysseus, who suffered great tribulations at the hands of Poseidon while embarked on his Odyssey back home. Both the bull and the horse are associated with Poseidon, but the bull is associated with many other gods as well, so the horse can be considered his animal. He was always depicted carrying, or using, his distinguishing weapon, the trident, a three-pronged spear which he used to shatter and shake anything he pleased, much like his brother Zeus used his thunderbolts. That's why he was commonly referred to as the "Earth Shaker". The trident, his symbol, was the gift of the Cyclopes, who had fought with the Olympians versus the Titans. He was always accompanied by his son, Triton, who was half man, half fish. Triton would blow on his seashell to announce Poseidon's arrival.

Stephen Crane and Walt Whitman: The Natural and the Language of Social

Stephen Crane and Walt Whitman: The Natural and the Language of Social Protest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though in his short life Stephen Crane was never a soldier, his novel The Red Badge of Courage was commended by Civil War veterans as well as veterans from more recent wars not only for its historical accuracy but its ability to capture the psychological evolution of those on the field of battle (Heizberg xvi). Walt Whitman, on the other hand, served as a field medic during the Civil War. He was exposed perhaps to the most gruesome aspect of the war on a daily basis: the primitive medical techniques, the wounded, the diseased, the dying and the dead. Out of his experiences grew a collection of poems, "Drum Taps" , describing the horrors he had witnessed and that America suffered. As literary artists, a wide chasm of structure and style separates Crane and Whitman. The common cultural experience, the heritage of the Civil War connects them, throwing a bridge across the darkness, allowing them, unilaterally, to dispel notions of glorious battles and heroic honorable de aths. By examining Crane's Henry Fleming and the wound dresser from 'Whitman's poem of the same name, both fundamental literary differences and essential thematic consistencies emerge.    In The Red Badge of Courage, Henry Fleming was drawn to enlist by his boyhood dreams. His highly romanticized notion of war was eclectic, borrowing from various classical and medieval sources. Nevertheless, his exalted, almost deified, conception of the life of a soldier at rest and in combat began to deflate before the even the ink had dried on his enlistment signature. Soon the army ceased to possess any personal characteristics Henry had once envisioned, becoming an unthinking, dispas... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Hartwick, Harry. The Foreground of American Fiction. New York: American Book Co, 1934, p. 17-44 Rpt in Crane,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Sculley Bradley, Richard Beatty, and E. Hudson Long Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Schroeder, John W. "Stephen Crane Embattled," University of Kansas City Review, XVII (Winter 1950), 119 Rpt. in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Sculley Bradley, Richard Beatty, and E. Hudson Long Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Walcutt, C.C. American Literary Naturalism, A Divided Stream. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1952, p.66-82 Rpt in Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Sculley Bradley, Richard Beatty, and E. Hudson Long Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. New York: Bantam Books, 1983.

To What Extent Does Trade Help Reduce Development Disparities

To what extent does trade help reduce development disparities? The Republic of Malawi in the southeast of Africa is a landlocked country in which 85% of the people are employed in agriculture. About 90% of all farmers are smallholder farmers that suffer from low income and underdeveloped techniques. This is just one example of underdeveloped countries all over the world. The question is simple: How can these LEDCs develop? One approach of reducing development disparities is the mean of trade – the business of buying and selling commodities either within a country or between several countries.Several countries have already initiated techniques to help LEDCs develop. China for examples encourages Chinese firmst to invest in poorer nations and opens ist own markets to imports from underdeveloped countries. This global foreign investment is a great opportunity to create development opportunities for LEDCs, especially because China itself has just had an extreme financial rise so t hat it is able to help others now. However, critics may think that China – by opening up its markets – rather sees its own benefit, as it secures raw materials and markets for Chinese manufactured goods.Furthermore, China gets richer and its global importance raises drastically. Experts expect it to overtake Japan’s economy soon. Very different to this rather unfair approach of reducing development disparities due to trade is established by the FAIRTRADE foundation. This development organisation helps countries in the developing world to improve several different aspects such as sustainable prices for products that never fall under the market price, decent working conditions or fair terms of trade.To achieve this, specific FAIRTRADE certification and product labelling was developed called the FAIRTRADE mark – an independet consumer label. Things like the FAIRTRADE minimum price, which means that a buyer has to pay a certain price that is fair to the produ cer or FAIRTRADE premium, which means that the money payed on top of the minimum prize is spent on social, environmental and economic development projects. Neither pretending to help nor really trying hard to boost LEDC’s economy, he three nations USA, Canada and Mexico agreed on the „North American Free Trade Agreement which was set up in January 1994. The „Theory of Comparative Advantageâ€Å" shows the intention of this association of nations: As they were all economically challenged by western Europe and Asia and as the completion of internal market of the EU harmed their economy, it is obvious that with an elimination of trade barriers due to the NAFTA, these countries would all benefit from it in their economic situation.The aim the NAFTA is to eliminate trade barriers, promote economic competition, increase investment opportunities and improve cooperation between the USA, Canada and Mexico. Acualizing these aims will have several impacts on the worldâ€⠄¢s economy. One example therefore ist he potential wage and benefir reduction in the US due to Mexico’s membership. Also, Mexico would have to adopt higher foreign standards and poor Mexican farmers have now to compete with large-scale, high-tech US- or Canadian farmers. These are just some examples of the impact that the free trade treaty has on its members.Although the idea of free trade troughout nations seems auspicious, it clearly has its weaknesses as well. Concluding, the NAFTA has a good approach which however is not helping LEDCs develop further and rather makes it difficult for – in this case – Mexico to keep up with its partner-trading-nations USA and Canada. Governments from developed countries try to make LEDCs help themselves by researching and setting up various organisations in order to make trade easier. One example of this so-called „top-down approachâ€Å" is provided for farmers in Malawi.The aim of government-led projects is to allow african farmers being self-sufficient and develop their own business with enough income. A peanut farmer in Malawi is now – due to the support of the British government – able to sell his peanuts to big oversea markets. As it is difficult for little farmers to access those big markets, buying centres were build by the foreign government in order to allow the farmers easier access. Some farmers then use their income to open bank accounts, start new businesses and put their children through secondary school.In this process, they break out of the „vicious circleâ€Å" of poverty. Critics still see problems in this government-led approach as farmers are not concious about being helped to a great extent. In the project of for example Malawi, the British government gets highly involved in the economy of a country which often is seen from a negative angle by the population as they would like to manage their economic structures on their own. However, this „bottom -upâ€Å" approach to less economically developed countries by its own population is standing in great contrast to the government-led approach.As certain people of the country would have to mobilise its people and due to lack of financial support, often resignation by the population limits the development of a country. Several very different approaches towards reducing development disparities were made by governments and foundations. These can be easily contrasted: They are either initiated by a country or nation so as to extract the countries benefits out of trade or in order to help and support another country in its development by providing aid for it – this government-lead approach is called „top-downâ€Å".The contrast to this approach is called „bottom-upâ€Å" and is lead by a countries‘ own population which is a rather difficult process. Generally, trade is a very good way of linking a nation’s economy, as mostly contracts between countries are established so that both parties benefit from the business. This means that LEDCs can develop and change their status to MEDCs. However, as it is in the nature of the human species to always be best and leading, LEDCs must be very cautious not to get exploitet by economically powerful nations such as China.

Suggestions Canada health care

This essay will discuss the budget constraint model to understand the consumer behaviors towards health care and the Issue of adverse selection will also be analyzed, followed by the production of health care and the role f the government in the production of health care. This essay will conclude with suggestion of the lessons that policy makers in Canada can learn. Any of the economic models that exist must have assumptions; assumptions must be fulfilled to assert constancy.In the standard budget constraint model, there are three assumptions: (1) consumers are rational and have perfect information about quantity, pricing and the key players in healthcare, (2) there Is no uncertainty about the future, and (3) Important decisions are made as If the future Is known with certainty. Consumers can choose any affordable combination of healthcare and other odds. Among these bundles, consumer has a set of preference which provided different levels of satisfaction. The budget constraint model states that the demand for medical services is derived from the demand for health care and how the consumer produces health.Consumers do not purchase health. Indeed, they medical care inputs. An example of the Indian health market supports this model. India has a universal health care system of which government covers most medical services provided, similar to Canada. In India, many of the healthcare consumers are not able to produce health. Their ability to produce health is reduced by the poor vying conditions and living style. Patina in India is a slum; it is characterized with poverty, which encompasses low levels of health and income. People in this town are suffering in poverty and disease.Patina has been hit by the epidemics and develops symptoms that are attributed to tuberculosis due to poor sanitation and ventilation. They repeatedly require medical care. However, public-health system lacks the medical resources, leaving poor people at risk. This has forced consumer to sw itch to the private healthcare, but they cannot afford it. These poor people are often the cities, caught between lousy care and unaffordable care (Specter, 2010). Consumers have limited budget and, hence, healthcare production is restricted by their budget, so they have to look for the best affordable bundle of goods to meet their needs.Under lousy universal health care system, consumers are very much constrained in their choices. Policy makers must understand the budget constraints that the consumer faces. To formulate successful policies, policy makers must also consider the bundles that the consumer is permitted and regulate the private healthcare services to reasonable price (Specter, 2010). Government should also devote sufficient resources to improve the quality of care in the public sector and raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people to reduce healthcare costs.Similar policies could also apply in Canada to improve our public healthcare system. Pr ivate companies that offer health insurance often encounter adverse selection. This phenomenon can be explained by asymmetric information when insurance attracts higher than average utilizes than an actual fair premium suggest. Clients purchasing insurance know their actual expenditures whereas the insurance many only knows the distribution of expected expenditures. In this market, the higher health risks tend to drive out the lower health risk people until no market is left; this is known as the Lemons Principle.This is inefficient since insurance company is not able to sufficiently pool its risks. In the U. S, congress passed the Genetic information Nondiscrimination act. This act prohibits insurance company from using genetic information to determine rates (Coursework, 2010). Genetic testing provides the insurance company with pre-existing conditions, which gives insurer incentive to deny coverage or set a higher premium. This bill was unanimously supported by congress such that insurer cannot charge higher premiums based on pre-existing conditions.The main idea of this bill is to protect the community from exploitation by insurance companies, which lead to community rating. At this time, private insurers cannot rely on medical underwriting. However, this act turns the insurance companies into oppression. The only factors they will be allowed to take into account in determining rates will be age, region, and whether or not someone smokes. While the government supports the community rating and universal access, it conflicts with its insistence of that the healthcare reform is dependent on private insurance companies (Coursework, 2010).Yet, the fact is that healthcare system could do Just fine without an insurance system with community rating. Medicare is a and people with disabilities. It may be true to say that private sectors are better in terms of managing costs and providing services, but Medicare's spending on healthcare over the past decade has risen m ore slowly than that of private sectors (Coursework, 2010). Economists all agreed that Medicare is a successful program, but that it needs efficiency improvements to be sustainable in the future (Walker, 2010). Canada can imitate from the success of Medicare in the US.Medicare in Canada is framed by the Canada Health Act; it is designed to ensure that all residents have reasonable access to medical services, on a prepaid basis. Using our existing insurance system, policy makers should expand the government-run health care regardless of risks. Instead of replacing private insurance companies, it would be more sensible to turn them into public utilities. Netherlands and Switzerland have adopted this proposal, which turns out with reasonably good results. Government has a very large role to play in the production of health services.Production of health services is the relationship between health and the health inputs that are needed to produce health. The Case in most developed countri es is that the government plays a significant role in health production (Coursework, 2010). The government provides health care which is either paid with taxes it collects or subsidy that are given to individuals. The government provides other inputs such as controlling pollution and legislation to regulate health safety. The government also carries out health promotion. This is done by promoting healthy lifestyles such as exercise and also raising awareness about diseases.The government also puts regulation on excessive consumption of harmful substances. All this defines the role the government is supposed to play in the provision of healthcare. In conclusion, policymakers in Canada can learn from the lessons discussed. Starting with the example of the Indian health market, policy makers should consider budget constraints particularly for the poor people to devote sufficient resources into public health care to improve the laity and regulate the private health care system with reas onable prices.Government could also raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people to reduce healthcare costs. Secondly, from the US example, it is proven that the healthcare reform does not depend on private insurance companies. Medicare in Canada should also be expanded and private insurer can be turned into public utilities. Finally, though the Canadian government provides medical care, it is important for them to promote health as well. Provision of medical care must go hand in hand with the promotion of health as the case with other developed entries.

Observational research Essay

Observational research, also known as field research, pertains to a research approach that engages in the direct recording of a phenomenon as it occurs in its natural condition (Zechmeister et al. , 2003). This research approach is distinct from the other research methods because it employs a quasi-artificial scenario that is comprised of a number of factors, of which some could be controlled. The capacity to control at least one of the factors in the environment allows the researcher to perform the scientific method that would answer the developed hypothesis. Observational research could be performed using any of the three classified types of observational techniques. The covert type of observational research involves unidentified researchers that directly interact with the study participants and remain undetected until the completion of the investigation. In other cases, the researchers are positioned at a distance from the study participants, yet are still capable of direct observation of the actions and interactions that each of the study participants engages in. One advantage of this type of observational research approach is that the study participants are not required to cooperate with the researcher. The anonymity of the researcher in the scenario provides study participants to freely express themselves and to liberally make decisions without being influenced by the researcher. Unfortunately, it is also possible that certain ethical violations could be related to this type of observational approach, mainly as a form of deception that is associated with the researchers’ anonymity. The overt type of observational research allows the researchers to identify themselves to the study participants. In addition, the researchers are also required to fully disclose the purpose of their investigation to the study participants. One disadvantage that is strongly associated with the overt type of observational research is the impact of the disclosure on the behavior of the study participants during the entire experimental period. It is actually natural for an individual to be watchful of their actions when they are aware that at least one individual is observing their behavior. As such, the study participant exerts effort in projecting the ideal personality that is acceptable to the eyes of the beholder and definitely not reflective of the actual personality of the study participant. However, it should be understood that in this type of observational research approach, there would be no ethical issues related to deception of the study participants because the identity and the goals of the investigator have been disclosed early on. Researcher participation is another observational type of research approach that engages the investigator in the scenario that is being studied. One advantage of this type of observational technique is that the investigator is allowed to directly interact and to directly appreciate an incident that is being studied. Aside from taking notes of the effects and reactions of the study participants, the researcher also interacts with the rest of the scenario and regards himself as another study participant in the investigation. One disadvantage of this observational type is that the investigator may lose track of the goals of his research study because he becomes extremely engrossed in the activities occurring in the study scenario. In the observational study described in this unit, the covert approach was employed, wherein the investigator directly interacted with 50 study participants with their knowledge of his role and his goals in the interaction. In addition, the study participants are unaware that they are being observed in terms of their attitudes and responses to a specific stimulus or setting. The investigator thus chooses to project a smiling stance as he talks to 50 individuals and he takes note of the response of each of the study participants during his exchange with them. The investigator then rates the response of each of the study participants as very friendly, friendly or neutral.

Counselling: Learning and Active Listening

Counselling is to help the client to open up about there feeling inside and thoughts when the client has no one to talk to and is in need to talk to someone. Core counselling skills are†¦ Paraphrasing Reflecting Summarising Focussing Active listening Empathy SOLERParaphrasing is focusing on the main facts.Reflecting and paraphrasing are similar it’s reporting back to the client what’s been said it is a way of indicating that we are listening, Reflecting refers to the skill of communication. Summerising, summerising is the process of trying to put everything what’s been said during the session. Focusing, focusing is important because it shows the client that you’re showing an interest on what’s been said. Active listening, active listening is important because you’re listening to the client and the client knows your showing an interest. As a councillor it’s important to listen and give full attention to the client. Empathy, empathy SOLER. S: square, sit facing opposite the client O: open in your posture (not closing yourself such as folding arms and legs) L: leaning forward E: eye contact R: relaxed (don’t fidget)Its important to have SOLER as a skill because it makes the client feel comfortable and the client knows that there being herd also there’s know the councillor is showing an interest and there feel more comfortable while using this skill.Counselling skills and attitudes Being a good listener, so the client knows there being herd Having patience with your self by not getting irritated.Good body language to the show the client you are active listening and paying attention on what’s been said. Good communication by not interrupting and by reflecting the client’s point of view without being judgemental. Showing empathy is to show the client that someone understands her giving the client closure. Being genuine to show the client that you’re being real and not putting ac a ct on.What counselling skills are not Advising the client Being judgemental Caring in a particular way Befriending Treating or healing someone like a doctor Instructing or teaching Giving guidance

Biography of Caroll Lewis

Lewis Caroll had his birth at Daresbury in 27th January of 1832. His death was at Guildford on the January 14th 1898. Down his history as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, he had been presented among the most prominent persons in the Victorian literature. The question of literate development by Caroll remains unquestionable remains highly volatile. The next question is, was Lewis Caroll a brilliant literate? What epochs did his life went through? He is characterized of various similarities to that of Gerald Hopkins who came later after him.To both the Caroll and Hopkins, their fantasies and poems respectively had their conception allied to the great Victorian era which was compounded by many clergy-men who portrayed broad status of academic, religious, ascetic and restricted livelihoods. Both the works of Caroll and Hopkins had fascinating words. Their writings were influenced by the artistic tools and approach they broadly used which was a broad compound of painstaking amateur of draughts m en which led to great audience preoccupations.However, the work of Caroll never got any public knowledge during his life time only until his death where great praises marred his artistic conceptions. (Knowles, Kirstein, 1996, 86) Due to the crafty audience environment, Caroll had pseudonym as his basic refuge. However, until his death, Caroll never got any fame where his original poems remained still unpublished at the epoch of his death. The same publish came only after years till his death.(David, Janel, 2002, 78) Until his death, the Victorian had a revolution which brought diversity in the religious and personal view autonomy which were engineered by the great test as well as the artistic character of the two fallen rhetorical heroes. Accordingly, the poetry work by Hopkins was made for the adults while the fantastic titles by Caroll were made to capture the children. However, his rhetorical life was dominated by nostalgia but his character stood as complexity and originality wi th a great variance in interest which was a basic tool for off-setting state of recurrent melancholy.Caroll grew by instinction to been a graphic as well as visual artist and could not abandon his will for drawing with regular visits to artillery exhibits as well as artistic studies. However, Caroll paused to photography on realizing that he presumably lacked professionalism in art. Historically, he became a proactive children photographer. Till his pseudonym, he derived transposition of his names which included his first name Charles Lutwidge then Ruskin, George, Holman Hunt, Tennyson, MacDonald and others. He sparred across interests in medicine, photography, art, literature and religion.He even became a deacon at twenty-nine in England. He viewed the broad aspect of life as a big puzzle. This compelled his character of even solving puzzles in logics and mathematics perhaps a descent preoccupation than any other achievement. He achieved a great success in mathematics which is beli eved as a basic element in preserving his literacy achievement in literature. According to historical analysts, his divine tool of logics and also mathematics was unpopular for anyone like him who compelled such great humor, loved children, an artist and a lover of language.(David, Janel, 2002, 68) However, his bright fantastic glow was provided by the support of science as well as his analytical mind. These two paradoxes went through shaping above the refinement until forming an inimitable crystal of rhetoric. During his mathematical lectures in 1855 at the Christ church, his character provided lack of communicating abilities for a mass class. This provided un-inspiration and also dullness in the due process of giving lectures. This provided development that his fatal contribution to Oxford would only be in publications and the research areas.Here, he consistently made contributions in mathematics and also logics. Historically, the books and articles by Caroll provided profound enj oyment and knowledge to the people. However after his death, a spontaneous period of slackened public interest came in. His broad audience submerged this in a sphere doubt. At the outbreak of the first word war in 1914, many readers were now turning back to Caroll’s work. This led to booming sales of Caroll’s editions until 1928 where maximum sales were reached. Greatly, ‘Alice Adventure in Wonderland’ attracted many buyers which included 15400 pounds by Dr.Rosenbach for its original manuscript at Sotheby. In 1948. This manuscript was finally brought in British Museum after a series of sales between people. However, this entitlement at British Museum was only a sign of appreciation for the long trailing Great Britain’s contribution in the Second World War. . (Weldon, 1987, 93) Historically, the manuscript embraced great respect above various tributes in passive memory of Caroll in the memory of Caroll’s birthdays. Such respect played an impor tant role in providing him an unequivocal place among the excellent persons. Since then, many scholars and journalists have respectively quoted his work.Elsewhere, his long enduring character is a mythological drive and folklore to many nations. To many Englishmen, two of his works, ‘Ugly Duchess’ and also ‘The Mad Hatter’ have become indispensable. (http://www. insite. com. br/rodrigo/text/lewis_carroll. html) According to personal commendations by his audience, Lewis Caroll exemplified un-piestic status of childhood handling which was in a new form. Across the glance by readers, they have characterized his work as moralizing and edifying found with fantasy, which was roadmap for witnessing the virtues allied to innocence.He portrayed his work to be a plane of unified use of common sense for all which was strengthened by the broad array in patronage of divine dignity as well as coverage to the children. (Shimpley, 1931, 68) Above writing for children, Caro ll published various books on mathematics and also logics. Through such publications, many scholars described him as vigilant of split personality which compounded pedantic mathematician as well as a prim literate. However, this was a pseudonym refuge in which he only wanted to deliver out his creativity in fanciful manner.However, this publications were cited as a concrete description of his spearheaded sense of been a Victorian don. However, a comparative analogy in the outlook provided by the, ‘The Young Vistors’ as well as the ‘Alice in Wonderland’ provide Caroll with a full contemplation of innocence which seems to be drawn away by the fatal accusations by many of his readers. (Esther, Day, 2004, 124) Caroll got his descent from two families from North Country in Daresbury. He inherited Dodgsons which was a tradition behind church services well as Lutwidges which was state service tradition.His father was called Charles Dodgson. Therefore from the spat iality of these two descents, Caroll developed his gentle character. Therefore, the parental fantasies in which he got his upbringing played a significant role in his broad rhetorical mobility. According to the Alice in Wonderland, Caroll did sending of a lizard down from a chimney as well as putting the Dormouse to a teapot. This was a clear refinement of his nonsense to a highly advocating and sensitive art. In the article, the element allied to ruthlessness was conspicuously brought out which perhaps had its inherit from the father.Elsewhere, since his childhood, Caroll life depicted a parallel life. In 1843, his family moved to the Croft Rectory in Darlington. At his new family setup, Caroll became a controversial entertainer to his family members with games, poems as well as stories. Also, he made humorous drawings and illustrated magazines. Historically, one of his childhood poetry at thirteen years contained various anticipations of mouse tail in the Alice as well as Humpty D umpty. (Esther, Day, 2004, 127) In his writing, Caroll had a long perceived and subconscious intention of escaping into Wonderland.However, he was handicapped by stammer but was since then an active and a happy child. In his early childhood work when twelve years, experts have stood to acknowledge the sigh of outstanding sense of maturity, sensitivity as a well as tenderness. At his youthful development, Caroll was however disturbed by fundamental conceptions. He had a premature advancement and was a victim of proportionality at his adolescence. However, at age of twenty-one years, Caroll stood to been a good writer after graduating from Oxford. (http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index.htm) However in 1865, Caroll published Alice Adventure in Wonderland which was an unexpected artistic inspiration. Since this advancement in 1865, Caroll went across to a cutting age of revolution in the world of literature by writing many articles such as magazines, man uscripts and books. He also composed many humiliating poems. This included the Rectory Umbrella, Through the Looking-Glass, Mischmash, above others. He developed an outstanding prologue into writing which attracted many people. His name was praised before getting a diverse attraction to speak to people in the theatres.During the rhetorical revolution in his life, Caroll was in an establishment of raconteur character-hood as well as been a humorous freelance journalist in which he appeared in Whitby Gazette. This time was an important time in which he began speculating is literature to the society providing attractive impressions through whimsical intimations. This was however a long trailing character since his childhood. (Shimpley, 1931, 98) At the age of twenty-three in 1855, he used an attractive package of rhetorical knowledge in writing a poem which has even hit the current state of literature.Currently, this poem (four stanza’s) has been preoccupied in the poem ‘J abber- Wocky’ by the Roger Landyn. In 1856, he channeled his efforts in writing, ‘ The Train’ which was a noble poem which even attracted a great audience support. From his writing in ‘Alice in Wonderland’, Caroll got the stepping-stone for a wide support for fantasy and also experience which invited him to exploiting widely the field of literature. Since then, Caroll’s work has been bound into volumes of books and manuscript productions. His work also comprehends of many romantic poems.However across the board, Caroll’s poetry and literature work was pointed to the young children who got a lot of glamour and influence from the highly attractive and convincing sense of audience attraction. However, his attribute of love for adult audience is not fully glamoured. However, some respondents provide that he was once drawn to this phenomenon such as Hellen Terry. Indeed, to a personal conception, Caroll never revealed his love for such adult audience and was always rebuked to any sense of attraction to such audience.Since his childhood, Caroll took refuge of women from anticipating the young girls which provided a passive compensation from the lure of women friendship. Though these were little children, he made to escape the desire for sex. He intimately secured intimate satisfaction from such an association with the young children. (Shimpley, 1931, 57) According to rhetorical history, Lewis Caroll carried down work of art at such a point which is presumably highest in the industry of art. They describe his work as the most touching perhaps beyond any other artistic work.Either, the work of Edward Lear has also been pinpointed to exactly compound the great threshold of conviction which was brought by Caroll. Wonder has continued to strike the thoughts of people whether it was by accident that the two produced the most attractive work despite them been Englishmen. According to the views of rhetorical analysts, foreign E nglish explores should only explore the sense of humor and English character-hood provided by the efforts of Lewis Caroll immediately after that of Shakespeare.Due to the great sigh of humor compounding his work, great interpretations of his publications have attracted a conventional accord in the word for the last thirty years. (http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index. htm) Basically, the crucial precepts of his nonsense writing were a tool for attracting the children audience. In the ‘Alice in Wonderland’, he subjectively used drawings to passively ignite a feeling of attraction for the young children who would consistently be attracted to the piece of drawing within the book.From its autobiography, Alice in Wonderland was evident of parochial illusions which was a method to attract at a greater capacity the will of the children. At any immediate read out to the ‘Alice in Wonderland’, the first impression is an illusion that brings attraction to them. This is through the rhetorical fantasy in which he has used as a tool of theme control in his works. Generally, the prototyped figures of turtles, the giants, caterpillars and other basic jokes are only made to provide him with an elaborated gesture of attraction to the children.(Weldon, 1987, 78) His artistic work is a compound of great concealment which has also limpid prose that is uniquely understood by ease to the children. His work is a tool for entertainment and subconsciously create room for knowledge support to the young growing children. Evident from his work, the children are highly attracted and motivated in internalizing and reading his work. This is through his fundamental arrangement of articles to provide understandability and importance of the global arrangement of the words in books and manuscripts.Summarily therefore, a lot of attribute can be internalized to the efforts of Caroll to building coherent artistic tool as a basis of develop ing knowledge in the early days of knowledge search. He is remarkably echoed as a strong icon in providing support for the provision of entertainment and the intend of knowledge buildup. Work cited A Biography of Lewis Caroll. Reteived on 11th March 2007 fom http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index. htm David Loewenstein & Janel Mueller. The Cambridge History of early Modern English Literature.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002 Eisner Elliot & Day Michael. Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence and Erlbaum Associates, 2004 Knowles, M & Kirstein M. Language and Control in Children Literature. London, Routledge, 1996 Lewis Caroll Biography. Reteived on 11th March 2007 fom, http://www. insite. com. br/rodrigo/text/lewis_carroll. html Shipley Joseph. The Quest for Literature: A survey of Literacy Criticism and the Theories of the Literacy Forms. Richard Smith, 1931 Weldon Durham. American Theatre Companies, 1888-193

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