The Prevention Of Diarrhea Health And Social Care Essay

The Prevention Of Diarrhea Health And Social Care Essay Diarrhea is one of the most perennial health problem  causing both morbidity and mortality worldwide in children especially among developing nations. The vast majority of deaths worldwide from diarrhea (2-3 million deaths per year) are from young children in developing countries. The United States have 220,000 children younger than 5 years old that are hospitalized each year with diarrhea comprising approximately 9% of all hospitalization in this age group. Diarrhea incidence in children younger than3 years of age has been estimated to be 1.3 to 2.3 episodes per child per year. The incidence rate in children attending day care centers are higher. More than US$ 2 billion are spent yearly as direct cost of hospitalization and outpatient care [1]. Despite advances in treatment and diagnostics, recurrence of cases and epidemics surface from time to time from different parts of the world. The problem seem to be not just of diagnostics and treatment but more so with the basic preventive aspect of diarrhea among children. The promotive and preventive role of handwashing in diarrheal cases can not be overemphasized. Its cost effectiveness, relative ease of application and implementation are evidence- based and makes a lot of economic and healthful sense considering the cost related to hospitalization and out patient care of diarrheal cases. II. Objectives: Establish causal relation between handwashing and occur- rence of diarrhea among children. Highlight the key role of handwashing for health promotion and prevention of diarrhea among children Provide recommendations relating to the legal, ethical and health policy implication of handwashing for the prevention of diarrhea among   children. III. Methodology Literature search was done from scholarly published materials to meet the objectives of this seminar discussion. The subject of the research is limited to children aged 0-12 years old. IV. Discussion    Evidences of clinical benefit of handwashing/hand hygiene dates back from Semmelweis (1818-1865). While working in the General Hospital of Vienna, he demonstrated that puerperal fever was a contagious disesase caused by infectious organism which was spread from patient to patient via the hands of health care workers (HCW) [9]. A hundred years later another key observation by Rammelkamp and his co-worker who demonstrated that direct contact was the main mode of transmission of Staphylococcus aureus among neonates in the nursery [3]. The same controlled study done by Rammelkamp and co- workers demonstrated that handwashing between patient contacts reduced levels of S. aureus acquisition to the low levels resulting from airborne transmission. The EPIC Systematic Review in 2001 showed that liquid (even non-medicated) soap and water will effectively decontaminate hands but 70% alcohol or an alcohol based antiseptic hand rub provides the most effective decontamination for a wide variety of organisms (S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella, Clostridium difficile and rotavirus). A review of published literature from 1879 through 1986 consisting of 423 articles and spanning 107 years demonstrated that except for specificity, all the elements of causality, including temporality, strength, plausibility, consistency of association and dose response were present. As concluded, the emphasis on handwashing as a primary infection control measure has not been misplaced and should continue [6]. Studies specifically linking handwashing to prevent diarrhea in children was conducted in different countries in various care settings. A study comparing 2 day care centers with handwashing program (HWC) and 2 control centers (CC) showed that incidence of diarrhea in HWC began to fall (after the program was begun) and after the second month of the study was consistently lower than the CC. The incidence of diarrhea in HWC was approximately half that of the CC for the entire 35-week study period [1]. In a randomized controlled trial in a high risk community in Pakistan where diarrhea is a leading cause of child death, an improvement in handwashing in the household reduced the incidence of diarrhea among children at high risk of death from the same cause. Children living in households that received handwashing promotion and plain soap had a 53% lower incidence of diarrhea compared to children in the control population. Infants in households that received handwashing promotion and plain soap had 39% fewer days with diarrhea vs infants living in control neighborhoods. Severely malnourished children younger than 5 years in the intervention group had 42% fewer days with diarrhea vs severely malnourished children in control group. Similar reductions in diarrhea were observed among children living in households receiving antibacterial soap[5]. A systematic review with random effects meta-analysis by Curtis and Cairncross showed data sources which are studies linking handwashing with diarrheal diseases. Of which were seven intervention studies, six case control, two cross sectional and two cohort studies. Results showed that washing hands with soap can reduce the risk of diarrheal disease by 42-47% and interventions to promote handwashing might save a million lives[2]. A clinical advisory from the CDC[7] and Mayo Clinic[8] stated that handwashing is the easiest, simplest to do and most effective way to stay healthy and to prevent spread of infection and illness in all settings. For the specific purpose of this discussion, among children in various care settings, in home, day care, school and neighborhoods. Clean hands can stop germs from spreading from one child to another and even entire communities. The potential ways of dealing with this situation includes education, development, implementation and enforcement of regulations and use of infection control and for this particular case, handwashing. V. Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations The preponderance of evidence from studies spanning hundreds of years effectively establish the practice of handwashing as evidence-based not only for prevention of diarrhea among children but even as primary infection control in the transmission of nosocomial infections. Handwashing, being the simplest, most health promotive and effective primary infection control for the prevention of diarrhea among children can not be overemphasized in the light of economic cost, sick days and lives lost attributable to diarrhea. It is therefore recommended that advocacy for handwashing in terms of educating involved individuals, caregivers, families and children themselves should be given top priority. This should come in a form of tri-media campaign in schools, workplaces, communities, homes, etc. Handwashing programs should be implemented and even enforcement of strict regulations or legislations might as well be in place if needed be.

“Cathedral” written by Raymond Carver Essay

In the story â€Å"Cathedral† written by Raymond Carver, it seems that stereotypes of the blind form barriers between the blind and the sighted. The man in the story has always had misconceptions of the blind which â€Å"came from the movies† (Carver 1). The title, â€Å"Cathedral†, is significant because it helps the man envision the life of Robert. As Robert, the blind man, entered his life, it was hard for the man to form any bond with Robert due to his visual impairment. The man even created a picture in his mind of what Robert would look like, and how he would act. This is because the man has never had any interaction with a blind person, making him have preconceived ideas about Robert. Having Robert stay at the man’s house left the man feeling quite uneasy. Not only was Robert a threat to his wife, he also thought that Robert may be a hassle to deal with. The man stated, â€Å"I wasn’t enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me† (Carver 1). Because the man had such strong images in his mind about Robert, the first time he saw Robert caught him by surprise. Robert’s appearance was not unordinary, and did not look like a blind person. † He wore brown slacks, brown shoes, a light brown shirt, a tie, a sports coat. Spiffy† (Carver 32). At this point, the man’s ideas about the blind people’s appearance had been contradicted. When the man realized that his assumptions about Robert were false, and that they actually shared some things in common, he began to feel more comfortable with Robert, even being, â€Å"glad for the company† (Carver 84). This is the first time the man was being polite and friendly to Robert. Soon after, a bond between Robert and the man had begun after a program about cathedrals came on the television. The man becomes aware that, â€Å"There were times when the Englishman who was telling the thing would shut up, would simply let the camera move around over the cathedrals† (Carver 92). The silence in the room became awkward for him because he realized that Robert did not know what was happening when the narrator stopped speaking. Since the man’s stereotypes were beginning to shed during the cathedral conversation, the man came more open with Robert, and realized that Robert is not much different from the rest of society. The two of them began to  compare how well each of them envisioned the cathedrals. Robert gave facts that were heard tight off the television, demonstrating his limited knowledge. The man also attempted to describe this cathedrals, â€Å"they’re really big,†(Carver 100) he explains, â€Å"they’re massive†(Carver 100). At this point, he understood just how little he actually knew about the cathedrals, even with a picture right in front of him. Now the man is awakened to his newly, humbled, equal position along side Robert, with the help of the cathedral. With the man’s stereotypes diminishing, he became to trust Robert and is giving him a chance to build a relationship. When Robert brought up the idea for the man to draw the cathedral out as Robert follows, the man was able to appreciate what blind people go through. When he finished the drawing, Robert said, â€Å"Well are you looking?†(Carver 125) The man replied, â€Å"It’s really something†(Carver 126). The man had allowed himself to experience, even if for just a few minutes, what Robert experiences every second of his life. This was the same man, who only a few hours ago did not want Robert to be in his house. Overcoming prejudices, fears, and misconceptions are only possible when you allow yourself to get close to a person who these feelings are directed towards. By the man becoming close with Robert, he was capable to see what was necessary to gain an understanding of what life is like for a blind man, with the help of the vision of the cathedral. The man began to draw the cathedral to try and help Robert visualize what one looked like. What he did not realize is that Robert was actually helping him visualize what blindness felt like.

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How Quick Do We Make These Underlying Impressions Of Others

When we initially meet somebody, regularly the new associate rapidly makes an impression. That initial introduction can have enduring impacts. How quick do we make these underlying impressions of others? In one study, judgments made after only a 100-millisecond introduction time to new faces was adequate for people to shape an impression. Various studies have found that prompt impressions can be exact. In light of almost no confirmation, for example, that gave by photos, exceptionally concise cooperations, or video cuts, people can precisely distinguish a man s sentimental enthusiasm for them propensity to be, and sexual introduction. Albeit initial introductions may add to whether a relationship will create, obviously there is significantly more required in whether a relationship will persevere. Nature may breed scorn, as the well-known axiom goes, yet analysts have found that commonality is a critical condition for a cozy relationship to create. Generally, companions and mates are individuals who have been around each other for quite a while; they may have grown up together, gone to secondary school or school together, cooperated, or gone to the same get-togethers. Another well-known axiom, Similar people are attracted to eachother, additionally clarifies fascination. By and large, our companions and partners are significantly more like us than dissimilar to us. Companions and beaus have a tendency to have comparable states of mind, qualities, ways of life, and physicalShow MoreRelatedExplore and compare the romantic relationships in the play; Beatrice and Benedick, Claudio and Hero1555 Words   |  7 Pagesunfolding throughout the play that contrast with each other dramatically and comically. The story of Beatrice and Benedick takes centre stage in the play and because of there witty and extroverted personalities we immediately warm towards them. 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